Wednesday 27 May - Pressendye Circuit

Pressendye (NJ 490 089; 619m)

Start Point: Tarland Camping & Caravanning Club Site

Distance and Ascent: 16km, 570m

Weather: Sunny. A bit cool first thing, but pleasantly warm for most of the outing. 

 

My first thought for this hill was to approach it from the same start point as I'd used for Craiglich yesterday afternoon, using forest tracks on the SE side. Then I read that there's a waymarked circuit from Tarland and when I found that there was a C&CC campsite just a few minutes' walk outside of the village, it was an easy decision to spend two nights there, with Mick joining me for the circuit over Pressendye and the neighbouring lump on the ridge, Broom Hill. 

Checking out public routes on OS digital mapping, I found one uploaded by Country Walking Magazine, which seemed like a good bet to me*. As it turned out, we were consistently 25m adrift from their plotted line the whole way around. Not a problem, but curious as to how they managed that (I was picturing that they'd recorded individual waypoints on an old Garmin handheld gpx device in the mid-1990s). 

Anyhoo, we took the route in an anticlockwise direction and it was all rather pleasant. Of particular note, there's a plethora of paths, tracks and bike trails in this area, making it seem that either the local council or some other body has made a real effort to attract people. Not only was our route well waymarked (a rarity on a hill walk in the UK!) but it featured a good handful of benches and picnic benches. We detoured to one for second breakfast, before soon passing a couple of picnic benches (although our bench had a view; the picnic benches were sheltered within the forest). 

From the map it appears that views to the south, from Pressendye to Broom Hill and beyond, would be absent, due to the forest, but in reality the trees that remain are far enough down the hillside not to be in the way. When we turned to cut down through that forest we were again pleasantly surprised. My expectation when seeing a conifer plantation marked on the map is that it will be a dense, commercial one, so it's always pleasing to find widely spaced mature trees with a blanket of lush green grass, which is exactly what we found here. 

The last few kilometres of the route are along a minor road, and it was just before we reached the tarmac that we passed a couple setting out on the circuit in the opposite direction. Other than having spied one biker a distance away on one of the mountain bike trails earlier, they were the only people we saw until we were practically back in the centre of the village. 

You may see an odd little spur with a circle on the end on our route, just before Tarland - that's where we saw a mown strip across a field and decided to see if we could use it to shortcut back to the campsite - which, as evidenced by the recorded gpx line, we couldn't. 

Photos in reverse order: 

Such an unexpectedly nice section of forest

Obligatory summit selfie

I think I saw five different benches/picnic tables on this route (I'm counting this as one, not two!)

Second breakfast at King's View. Mick is hoping you will notice the lack of a cup of coffee in his hand, as someone forgot to pack the small flask for this trip, and that someone also didn't think to pick up a new one in Montrose. (For the avoidance of doubt: I'm the 'someone' here; I'm not telling tales on Mick!). 

The views were hazy, but we could make out Mount Keen, Lochnagar and Morven from here.

Pressendye on the right, Broom Hill on the left

A lovely path through an avenue of trees on the outskirts of Tarland, not shown on the 1:50k map and not particularly obvious on the 1:25k either, so if I hadn't downloaded a route, I wouldn't have known to come this way. 
 

(*When I went to the OS digital mapping website, it only made obvious one route from Tarland, which was the one uploaded by Country Walking Magazine. When I just went to look at a detail using the OS digital mapping App on my phone, it showed me absolutely loads of routes and I had to search around for the Country Walking one. I now realise that the web version of the App defaults to 'Recommended' rather than 'All Routes'. No doubt, if I'd noticed that feature and chosen one of the others at random, it would have been more accurate and less 'straight-liney'.) 

   

Wednesday 26 May - Benaquhallie & Craiglich

Benaquhallie (NJ 606 086; 494m)

Start Point: I got dropped off at the S end of the minor road to Upper Broomhill. There was nowhere to park a large vehicle there (other than blocking the pull-in for the communal bin area; rather than doing that, Mick backtracked to Tornaveen Community Hall to wait), but it would have been feasible to park in the entrance to a timber yard that was on the west side of the road, somewhere around the access track to Lower Broomhill. 

Distance and Ascent:  6.5km, 270m

Weather: largely overcast but pleasantly warm

I would have cycled to this hill from the Back of Hill of Fare Car Park, but Mick was happy to drive me, even if he had to then backtrack to find somewhere to park, and as I have a bit of a cold at the moment, I wasn't going to insist on the extra exertion. I drew the line at him driving me up the tiny lane though, giving me an easy 2km walk-in, before I really started up the hill.

Approaching the end of the public road, I could see a vehicle on the track to Upper Broomhill, and getting closer it turned out to be two estate vehicles, with the drivers, both dressed head-to-toe in khaki, staring through binoculars at something on the hillside. I popped my head around to their side of the vehicles to check that I wasn't going to be disturbing their activities, and was relieved when they said not. 

The single-dotted-line route that leads from Upper Broomhill is a good, grassy track that doesn't pass particularly close to any occupied building, instead passing in front of an old ruin, before skirting behind the buildings. I'd not gone awfully far along that track before I gave contemplation to just heading straight up the hillside. My map told me it would be a 700m yomp (gaining around 150m of ascent), and it didn't look like the going would be too bad. And maybe if I'd ascended that way I would have found a good, not-too-heathery line, but I certainly didn't find it on the way down!

My decision for the ascent, however, was to continue along the track, to its high point between Benaquhallie and Red Hill, from where I understood that I could pick up another track that would lead me to the summit. I didn't go that far in the end, as when I saw what looked like a grown-over vehicle track, followed by some mown heather, I veered off, and despite a distance of deep, old heather, it worked out well. 

For my descent, I headed over to the huge cairn (which, on my approach to the hill, I'd incorrectly assumed marked the summit), and from there I took a bearing to the waypoint I'd noted as the start of the likely looking ascent route. It was fine (by my standards) in descent, but I would not have particularly enjoyed ascending that way. The electric fence that lay in my way (I didn't check whether it was electrified, but I doubt it) was easily step-overable, even with my little legs. 

To my surprise, when I got back to the road end, there was a full-size coach sitting there. I wonder why - it seemed such an unlikely place to be dropping off or picking up passengers. 

A trot back down the road, and I only had a minute to wait before Mick hove into view to scoop me up on my way to:

Craiglich (NJ 533 054; 476m)

Start Point: large laybys on B road to N, one directly opposite the access track, one a very short distance SW along the road (I started from the latter, purely because it was in our direction of travel).

Distance and Ascent: 4.8km, 190m

Weather: Sunny intervals and warm

 

Looking at the map, you'd think that you could easily cycle right up to the summit of this one, but I'd read reports of a track overgrown to the point of being a narrow footpath. I'd not paid enough attention to what was being said, or somehow just assumed, that it was the spur to the summit that was overgrown. I was wrong!

 

The initial track around an open field wasn't overly well defined on the ground (and today the cattle were absent), but once I got through the gate into the forest (I say 'through' but 'over' was the only real option), I was immediately met by a track that has clearly not seen any vehicles for many years, thus it was even more overgrown than I had envisaged, although someone had been through recently and lopped the lower limbs off the small conifers and gorse bushes that littered the track.  

 

Despite being a bit scratchy on the lower legs (yep, I still refuse to learn the lesson about wearing cropped leggings), it was easy enough, and to my surprise the spur up to the summit was much clearer than the main track. 

 

The summit was a pleasing one with a large cairn, a trig point and a lone deciduous tree. It was also such a good viewpoint that it was a shame that Mick hadn't come with me.

 

Down was a retracing of steps, at least until I got out of the forest, where I took a straight line back to the gate out onto the road, rather than following the track.  

 

 Photos organised by hill but otherwise in random order:

Lovely grassy old track up around Benaquhallie

Benaquhallie summit selfie

Start of Benaquhallie track, beside the ruin at Upper Broomhill

Approaching the top of Craiglich (it's come out rather dark)

 

The track was relatively clear for the first few paces 

More overgrown

Even more overgrown (I'm not sure whether it's visible on the snap, but there was a clear line through)

 

Tuesday 25 May - Hill of Fare (NJ671 029; 471m)

Start Point: 'Back of Hill of Fare Car Park' as its currently called on Google Maps. It's at NJ 65027 04729.

Distance and Ascent: 6.6km, 200m

Weather: Mainly sunny and warm (low twenties)

 

With it being a sunny Bank Holiday Monday, and with my perception that this was a popular hill, I wondered if we would be able to park, particularly as we were scheduled to arrive around lunchtime. I needn't have been concerned - there was just one work truck there, and although various runners and dog walkers came and went during the day, there were never more than three vehicles at any one time.

 

Having established that it was a perfectly suitable place to spend the night (good job as I hadn't got any other plan between there and my next hill!), we didn't rush out, but had a leisurely lunch before finally getting ourselves out the door. 

 

The initial route is through forest, but fortuitously, a section of it has been recently felled and the view of lush green fields and the yellow of extensive gorse was set off nicely under the largely-blue sky. 

 

At the top of the forest, a gate through a deer fence led us onto heather moorland, through which was a good path that took us a slightly indirect route up to the top (looking at the map now, it doesn't look notably indirect; it just felt it on the ground!). 

 

After loitering a short while on the summit, trying to work out what the distinctive-looking hill to the north was (looking at the map again now, I'm pretty sure it was Mither Tap, some 20km away; at the time we were estimating it was only 10km away and were thus scouring the wrong part of the map), our steps were retraced back to the car park. This would have been entirely unremarkable, had it not been for finding ourselves mixed up in a swarm of bees on the move. There we were, minding our own business, just walking down the path, when suddenly there was a huge buzzing noise and all around us were bees - literally hundreds upon hundreds of them. There was nothing for it but to continue and hope we didn't get stung (which we didn't) as they continued on their route, perpendicular to ours.

 

Heading back through the forest, we agreed that even the forest bit of this walk was nicer than average for a forest walk.

 

Up through the forest

 

Summit selfie (the distinctive hill is over Mick's left shoulder)

 

That's a huge timber stack (there was more of it behind me) 

 

 

 

 

Monday 18 May - Mile Hill (NO 31137 57137; 410m)

Start Point: good pull-in on minor road to the west, at NO27845744

Distance and Ascent: 7.8km, 240m

Weather: overcast but almost entirely dry

 

I'd recommend my descent route over my ascent line, with gates at NO3071857634 and NO3083057530

I'd intended to do this hill from Peel Farm, where I could leave Mick sampling the wares in the cafe, but I wasn't sure I could summon the energy for the cycle to the hill from there, particularly after I discovered what I thought was a good parking spot* on StreetView that would save me around 5k of riding. (*the spot I'd identified was a track end a short distance further along the road from where we did park, but it turned out not to be suitable for abandoning Bertie; by backtracking the short distance to the pull-in we'd just passed, Mick was able to come out with me, rather than hanging around in case someone needed him to move.)  

 

I could have done most of this route by bike, but opted to go on foot, so Mick and I set out together and fairly marched our way along the road, then along the track to the ruined buildings at Gairlaw. There Mick turned back and I continued on, believing (from notes I'd taken from other people's ascents of this hill), that my best bet was going a little further along the track before turning up the hill. At the point Mick had turned around, we'd seen that there was a herd of cattle in the field to the left of the track I was to continue walking, but there was a fence between field and track, so we assumed I didn't need to worry about the warning notice on the previous gate about dangerous breeding cattle. Moreover, there were no cow pats on the ground to that point. 

 

Almost immediately that Mick turned back, I came across fresh cow pats, and discovered that whilst the cows were choosing to be in the lush fields, all of the gates were open, so they were free to chase me if they so chose. Happily they chose not to, and at the next gateway I turned right to cross that field. This was not the best choice, as there was a deer fence in the way with no gate within sight.

 

Beyond the fence is a relatively newly planted hillside, with closely placed conifers (as a result of which this hill will become trickier to approach from the north in ten years or so). I picked up an ATV track (that isn't planted), but I fair toiled up there. I swear the final 50m of ascent went up for around 150m, and the final 250m linear was at least a kilometre!

I did, of course, eventually run out of 'up'. 

 

For my descent I opted to aim for a gate in the deer fence, followed by the gate out of the field back onto the track, almost opposite the westernmost of the Gairlaw ruins. Whilst steeper in places, with hindsight, it's the route I should have chosen for the ascent.  

 

Having deprived Mick of his cafe visit whilst I was out on this little hill, we both went there once I was done. I'm glad I didn't miss out. The cheese scone I had took first place in my 'best cheese scone' list (just pipping the old post office cafe at Newborough in Staffordshire - my cheese scone testing has been extensive!), and I got three and bit cups of tea out of my pot. Mick's breakfast was rather good too. 

We've seen an abnormally large number of peafowl in the last week. This one put on a display for us (or for his lady friend, who on my way back was stood in front of him as he wiggled his rump, but studiously ignored him). 

A relatively unexciting summit, but with a good view (if you ignore me being in the way of it!)

Huge, tasty and very fresh cheese scone and a good-sized pot of tea at Peel Farm. Based on our experience today, I recommend popping by.

 

 

 

Sunday 17 May - Corwharn (NO 288 651, 609m)

Start Point: Parking area on east side of Backwater Reservoir at NO260597

End Point: Parking area on east side of Backwater Reservoir at NO256614

Distance and Ascent: Bike: 9.1km, 160m; Foot: 4.1km, 210m

Weather: Some sun, a couple of showers.

 

Thin red = outward bike; thick red = return bike; blue = foot 

More detailed view of the route taken on foot

The day started sunny, but it soon started clouding over and with a forecast of sunshine and showers, the earlier I got going, the better.

I started from the parking area marked on the OS map, on the east side of the reservoir, and cycled off down the road. Down wasn’t an ideal starting gradient, so when, after 2km, I reached another parking area (marked as a picnic area, not a P on the map), I gave Mick a call and asked him to move, so as to make my return leg shorter and easier. I nearly waited for him to arrive, so I could get my forgotten earphones, but with the sky looking a bit ominous I decided I may later regret delaying myself by five minutes.

He arrived in the new parking spot just as I negotiated the gate part way up the forest track that was going to lead me some distance towards my hill.

There are no paths or tracks that lead out of this forest, but from aerial photos I was confident that I could find a way, and it proved to be easier than expected (in this case, by ‘easier’ I mean that I didn’t need to bash through densely planted conifers). I abandoned the bike by a couple of timber stacks, where forestry machines were parked up, and set off on the margin of a newly cleared area, keeping to the edge of the trees that are still standing, with its green, firm carpet. 

Before I knew it, I was out of the top of the mature/felled trees, and into an area of young (maybe self-seeded) trees, dotted amongst the heather. Given the choice between making my way relatively easily along a drainage ditch or across the heather and young trees to the fence line, I opted for the former, until that became a bit tricky, whereupon I cut across, aiming for a stile I could see over the deer fence.

It wasn’t the friendliest stile, with the top rung on each side being uncomfortably far apart, and with no tall upright to hang onto, but I made it across, onto the ATV track the other side. The track petered into a trodden line, but it still gave easy going up to the summit. There I wandered around at some length and believe that I found the tussock that sits half a centimetre higher than the surrounding tussocks. From there, I could clearly see the other hills I visited in this area last year, and yesterday. I could also see quite a few localised showers around me, one of which had only just moved away from getting me slightly damp on my approach to the summit.

My return was more or less a retracing of my outward route – I was never far away from it, but from the knowledge gained on the outward leg, I varied it slightly on the way back.

The return bike ride only took me 12 minutes, and it was probably about half way through that it started raining. By the time I reached Bertie it was as heavy as that shower got, which wasn’t ideal timing to be taking half of the contents out of Bertie’s boot to put the bike back in. Everything got rather damp.

I’d wondered whether taking the bike was the best approach to this hill, versus walking up to Spot Height 503 on Milldewan Hill and approaching via the ridge. That would have given me pleasing views for an extended period, but given how heavy some of the showers were that passed through in the hour after I got back, from a comfort point of view, taking the faster option was a good choice. 

Blogger has decided that we're doing photos in reverse order in this post:

Summit view (including a shower just over yonder)

Summit view (that shower is probably the one that hit me on my way back)

A section of the track along the ridge

The track along the ridge where I intercepted it, after crossing the deer fence

It probably doesn't come across as anything other than a bog standard deer fence stile, but it wasn't the easiest I've ever negotiated. That said, I still chose to use it again on the way back, versus scaling the fence or the wooden section by the nearby gate. 

Saturday 16 May - Crock & Hare Cairn

Crock (NO 226 632; 554m) and Hare Cairn (NO 242 623; 516m)

Start Point: Car Park at Freuchies

Distance and Ascent: Bike: 14.9km, 310m; Foot: Crock: 1.5km, 150m; Hare Cairn: 1.5km, 140m

Weather: mainly sunny and feeling warm when in the sun. Thankfully pretty calm after two windy days.   

Red = bike; dark blue = foot to Crock; lighter blue = foot to Hare Cairn

There are more detailed views of the walking bits at the end of this post. 

I looked at visiting Hare Cairn when I was at Backwater Reservoir last year, but decided it would be better approached from Freuchies, and that it would be good if I had my bike available for the purpose. So to Freuchies is where we headed this morning, for Mick to run/walk some laps of the forest, whilst I did a 5-leg outing, consisting of: bike, walk, bike, walk, bike. 

Mick set out a couple of minutes before me, but I soon passed him as I pedalled off up the hill. I certainly can't claim to be an able cyclist, and I'm slow uphill, but even so I thought that I must have got well away from Mick by the time I reached my first stopping-point after 3.5km. It was thus a surprise to hear Mick approaching whilst I was still faffing in the transition between bike and walk. 

Mick looked dubiously at where I'd parked the bike and asked what I was doing. I pointed at the broom that was obscuring the old, unmapped track that I was going to take through the relatively young forest, and confirmed that this was, in fact, the easy way up the hill - and so it proved to be. The old track has largely grown over with heather now, relatively young at the bottom, more woody further up, but it was still a straightforward route. With the track ending at the top of the forest, the final approach to the summit was harder going than it had been getting up through the forest. 

I was back down at the bike in 35 minutes, and after another transition faff, I was ready to ride around to the east side of the hill to tackle Hare Cairn. 

All of the bike legs proved to be enjoyable (even to this non-cyclist). Some of the inclines may have been uncomfortably steep, but none went on quite long enough to be unpleasant, and this leg featured a big downhill, which preceded the final uphill. 

Putting the bike to one side again, I was temporarily paralyzed by indecision: I'd parked the bike at the end of a rough track that went off in one direction, but just behind me I thought I could see another track that aerial mapping suggested took a more direct line, but I also couldn't make out how far up the hill it might go. Eventually I had to conclude that standing still wasn't getting me anywhere, so I opted for the track that looked less direct, but I thought, from the aerial images, looked more promising. 

It worked out fine, but once beyond its end the heather was deeper and woodier than would have been ideal - particularly as I refuse to learn my lesson about leg wear, so I'd opted for 3/4 length leggings and was once again scratching my lower legs to pieces. 

This summit was a particularly fine viewpoint, over Backwater Reservoir and, beyond, the hills I'd visited last summer. I could also examine the hill I intend to go up tomorrow for the best looking route option. 

After a few snaps at the trig point, I took a bearing and paced out to the location where the highest point is said to be (which really isn't discernible from any of the ground around it), wandered around a bit, then just dropped straight back down the hillside towards the bike, eventually picking up my outward track just as the terrain was getting a bit tricky. 

Then all I had to do was to whiz back down to the car park - or not quite whiz down because someone has snuck some undulations in the way. Thinking back to my first hill-bagging outings on the bike, where I would inch back down the hill with the brakes on the whole time, I have gained in confidence, even with the big gaps between using the bike. Today I temporarily hit 40km/h on one of the final descents. Overall, I still would have been well behind the top marathon runners though! 

After a really enjoyable outing (the combination of some warm sunshine, not-too-difficult riding, and far-easier-than-expected walks up hills), there was then something of a reversal of roles. More often than not it's Mick who finds himself hanging around car parks waiting for me, but today it was Mick who had the longer outing.   

A lovely calm day after two unpleasantly windy days. 

Track up Crock. This was as overgrown as it go - the lower reaches were clearer - but even this was pretty easy going.

Crock Summit

You may need to zoom in, but I was rather taken with that house and its location. I may have to start playing the Euromillions when it reaches silly high numbers...

Track up Hare Cairn, before it petered out and left me yomping through heather.

I took a selfie at the trig before going off in search of the actual high point. 

Zoom of the 'on foot' bits of my route:

 
 

Tuesday 12 May - Hill of Garvock (NO 726 691; 277m)

Start Point: Viewpoint on B road to the NE

Distance and ascent: 4km, 60m?

Weather: Sunny, but a bit breezy and quite cool

I made an attempt on this hill on 23 May 2018. This is what I said at the time:

There was one more hill I intended to visit on my way from Aberdeen to TGO Challenge Control at Montrose (Hill of Garvock). The only thing that potentially saves this middle-of-a-field from falling entirely within the 'pointless summits' category is the presence of a tower atop it. I'll have to reserve judgement, as having driven to my start point, which sits about 1 mile and 30m of ascent away from the top, and having attempted approaches via two different fields, I left it unbagged due to overly frisky cows, with young, and an overly interested bull. I'm not generally too fazed by cattle these days, but these exceeded my tolerance level for bovine behaviour. I shall have to return to this one in the winter months sometime.  

I obviously completely overlooked the last sentence of that post when I decided that this hill needed to be bagged today. I think I've been in Montrose in May of every year bar three since 2008, but it's possible that this will be one of the last years when we have a need to be here, so there was an imperative for the nearest Marilyn to the town ticked off. I took Mick with me to help fend off the cattle. 

The left hand field (viewed from the viewpoint parking area) contained a sizeable herd that showed interest in us the moment we parked up and before we'd stepped outside, but the right hand field (with the 'bull in field' sign) seemed to be empty. That optimism lasted for just a few paces along its boundary, before we started seeing fresh cow pats. Fortunately, the herd in that field were out of sight on the south side of the hill, and didn't get to see us until we were a few steps away from our exit gate. The next two fields were empty, and the final field held both sheep and cattle, so we took a slightly indirect route for the final approach to the summit tower, allowing us to drop down the hill and out of sight of the beasts. 

It's an interesting summit, with its tower and excellent views in all directions (I'll gloss over the three communications masts a short distance away) and would no doubt be a popular place to go if it wasn't for the cows. 

A couple made a half-hearted attempt to follow us as we started retracing our steps, but once again we dropped down the hill out of their line of sight, and I think the sheep in between us and them may have also put them off from stampeding after us.  The herd in the final field had moved closer to the gate by the time we got back there, but whilst interested they didn't follow as we again just dropped low enough down the hill to put us out of view. 

I was happier than usual to be back at Bertie: whilst we'd had no trouble at all from the herds, we were lucky with where they happened to be congregated, and I'm glad to never have to go up there again. 

Summit shot. I understand you can go up the tower and I made a half-hearted attempt to unchain the door, but feared how difficult it might be to secure it again. 

View of the east coast countryside. It was a countryside and sea view in the other direction.

Proof that Mick was with me. He looked inappropriately overdressed, but it really is abnormally cold this May.

Those galloping cattle would have loved for that fence not to have been there. 
 

 

 

Monday 11 May - Strathfinella Hill (NO 693 787, 414m)

Start Point: Car park on W side of entrance to Drumtochty Castle (NO 697 798)

Distance and Ascent: 3.75km, 260m

Weather: Sunny intervals but cool at around 9 degrees. 

 

I had intended to do this hill on Tuesday morning, after spending the night in the car park, but having arrived there at just gone 3pm, I figured there was plenty of time to nip up there before tea time - a decision helped by the belief that I was far less likely to encounter any mountain bikers in the middle of the afternoon on a Monday than I was in a morning or evening.

 

Having considered various ascent routes (including cycling a long way around on my bike), I'd decided to go for the direct route. Strictly speaking, they are not designated mountain bike trails (with signs prohibiting pedestrians, the likes of which I see elsewhere), but it's quite clear on the ground that's what they are, and meeting a bike coming hurtling down the hill could be disastrous for both cyclist and pedestrian. On the steep bits I stayed off the side of the trail as much as possible, and was well positioned to both see and hear anything that was coming. 

 

I was a bit more concerned about the way down, as I would have my back to the direction of travel, so I went at a rate of knotts (with a little bit of confidence that the clearing of fallen trees looked like it had happened in the last couple of days, so most people wouldn't know the trail was clear for use), and didn't see a single person for the entire outing, on foot or bike. 

 

 

 Summit selfie - no view from the high point

There were some open areas further down the hill

Fresh looking cuts through fallen trees

 

The tree in the foreground is one of the oldest Sitka Spruces in Scotland. the sign in front of it gave some stats about it. I sent Mick out to have a look at it later, as he appreciates an impressive tree, and this one was impressive indeed, particularly compared to the little skinny specimens all around it.  

I'm including my recorded track below, but this is not a route to be recommended for the reasons stated above.